One more survived inn town

We once visited two nostalgic inn-towns, Tsumago(妻籠) and Magome(馬籠) where many historical buildings are survived. The inn-towns were located in the Nakasendo(中山道), an ancient highway made in the early Edo period.

And also these were 42nd and 43rd inn towns from Edo(江戸) city. These highways not only this Nakasendo but also numerous other ancient highways were developed dramatically. Roads were widened and surfaces were changed into asphalt.

Because modern society needed the changes. Speaking of the Nakasendo, only 42nd and 43rd inn-towns were survived. These towns were relatively inconvenient for the modern people's transfer. New route was developed and these inn-towns were isolated. 

Is there any survived inn-town? 

Clue to the investigation is to focus on highways made in the Edo period. We once mentioned that the most famous highways between Edo and Kyoto(京都) were two. These were the Tokaido(東海道) along the coastal area and the Nakasendo in the inland area.

And this time we found that another inn-town in the Edo period is also survived in the Tokaido route. That is "Seki-shuku(関宿)" which we visited this time. In our understanding, all of inn-towns in the Tokaido have been changed and historical buildings aren't remained. However, that is our misunderstanding. Another inn-town is still survived in Kameyama(亀山) city Mie(三重) Pref.

One reason is because it's located not in a coastal area but in a mountainous area. Then, the population in the town was rerely changed. And also the town was not changed because of the development or reformation. One more reason we suppose is the existence of the Kameyama city. It's located quite near of the Seki-shuku. So, people move there and it remained escaping the development.   

Take a walk in the Seki-shuku

This inn-town is now a residential and commercial area along the former Tokaido highway. The length is approximately 1.8 kilometers and the width is two 200 to 300 meters. The main road (former Tokaido highway) is not wide to ride vehicles, so, only locals' compact cars can pass through.

In the Edo period, the property taxes were defined according to the width of contact between the property and the road. Then, the premises were usually narrow width and deep depth.

The town's premises haven't been developed until now. However, wooden buildings relatively easily deteriorate, so, some kind of renovation was necessary. Half of the buildings are made during the Edo period and the Meiji period. And also the buildings made before WW2 are 70 percent and more. From these scores, you can imagine that there are still old townscapes and many aged buildings.

And more, the buildings made recently have appearance concerning the town's atmosphere.  

The central facilities for tourism are a townscapes culture center and a history museum. 

The townscapes culture center is in the building which was used as "Honjin(本陣)". What is "Honjin"? "Honjin" was a facility where the Daimyo(大名) party stayed the night in the Edo period. Every inn-town had a few "Honjin" facilities to serve the needs of the Daimyo parties' travel. And also, the history museum is in the building used as "Hatago(旅籠)". What is "Hatago"? "Hatago" was a hotel in the Edo period. So, both facilities are reuse of aged buildings. 

Let's investigate the townscapes culture center. Almost all buildings in the "Honjin" were ruined and only few are survived as a facility. You can look at Honjin's administrator's space, a storehouse and so on.

Then, how about the history museum? In the history museum, you can appreciate almost all "Hatago" buildings at that time. The entrance area, the owner's work space, VIP people's areas, the bathroom, the courtyard and many other places. 

Maybe this building is very well survived. When you visit upstairs, you can look at how traveler's sleep in this inn. A traveler's sleeping area and the other room are separated by only thin sliding doors. Can you sleep well there? We doubt.  

There are many shops reused aged buildings, for example. In the canter or slightly western area, there is a very beautiful temple named "Jizoin(地蔵院)". This temple is a kind of symbol of this town. It was constructed around 1700, and registered as an important cultural asset.

There is one more facility we want to mention here, that is "Chokantei(眺関亭)". It's an observatory. But the exterior looks like a private house. You can observe the whole scenery of this town from here. Backside of this building is a small public park called "Hyakurokutei(百六庭)".  

There are very few domestic travelers. And many shops are temporarily closed. We hope this will change soon.

"Inn town in the Edo Period"

Please visit to remember these inn towns.

Japan and Russia 

In this article, we'll describe a story happened between Japan and Russia around 240 years ago. At that time, Japan adopted a closed-door policy toward any country. 

On a certain day, a cargo ship left the Shiroko port located in the middle of the archipelago and was wrecked by a heavy storm. It drifted a long time and finally landed on a small island in Russian territory. Many of the crew died there because of a severe life after the landing. However, a few people survived and they returned to Japan ten years after the incident.

Being interested in the incident, we visited the museum which had constructed to inform the detail, the "Daikokuya(大黒屋) Kodayu(光太夫) museum."

In those days, oceanic transportation in Japan was relatively small scale. Many goods were carried by sea from production areas' ports to the consumption areas' ports. The Shiroko(白子) port (Mie(三重) Pref.) was one of the ports in the production areas. And, transportation from this port to Edo was conducted fluently.

In 1783, the "Shinsho-maru(神昌丸)" cargo-ship which captain was "Daikokuya Kodayu" met a heavy storm and then lost its mast. The ship drifted 7 months and more, then, landed on a small "Amchitka" island, one of the Aleutian Islands. Which locates in the far north of the Japanese archipelago. And, at that time, these islands were belonging to Russia. Only few natives and a few Russians who visited to hunt sea-otters and seals were there on the island.

At first, Kodayu and his people didn't understand any Russian language. However, after the interaction with Russian hunters, they understood Russian language. They couldn't escape from this island several years, and after a long effort, they went across the sea to the Kamchatka Peninsula. And finally arrived Irkutsk town. 

Kodayu and his people were requesting the approval for their return to Japan. However, the answer of the Russian government was the suggestion to live in Russia as Japanese language teachers. They were exhausted by their situation not going well. Then one day, Mr. Luxman offered to cooperate with them. He brought them to the capital of Russia, Petersburg, furthermore, arranged the audience with the Emperor of Russia. 

We don't know the exact reason why the Emperor, Catherine Ⅱ of Russia was fond of Kodayu. Maybe he spoke elegant Russian language or he had good behavior. Consequently, he got the permission of returning to Japan. When he was in the capital, he experienced visiting factories and schools. Furthermore, he had associations with Russian upper class societies.  

Kodayu and 2 other his people got a ride with the Russian battleship which was commanded by Mr. Luxman's son's and returned to Japan. It was 10 years after the drifting happened. Kodayu lived in Edo by being offered his living place from the Japanese government. He introduced the information of Russia to many people such as Daimyo, researchers, government officials and merchants.

At "Daikokuya Kodayu museum," many letters, pictures and other materials which Kodayu left behind are there. His story was made into a famous novel. Then, the author's photos and his information are also exhibited there. The novel was also made into a film in 1992, and we suppose that was the start of the construction of this museum. 

How to get to the Daikokuya Kodayu museum?

This museum is located in Suzuka(鈴鹿) city (Mie Pref.). When we use public transportation from Shin-osaka station, we have two choices to visit there. One option is to use Shinkansen(新幹線) super-express to Nagoya(名古屋) station. And from there, we use the Kintetsu(近鉄) private railway. Another option is to go to Nanba(難波) station. And we can also use the Kintetsu private railway from there. 

First, when we stop by Nagoya station, travel time to Nagoya station is around 1 hour. We should move to the private railway station, and the travel time from Nagoya to Ise-wakamatsu(伊勢若松) is also around 1 hour. From Ise-wakamatsu station, we have to walk to the museum. It will take about 15 minutes. All in all, we need 2 hours and half at most. We need a navigation such as "Google-navi" because this museum is in the center of a residential area.  

When we stop by Nanba station, at first, we use the subway. Travel time is about 20. We use can use the Kintetsu private railway from Nanba to Ise-wakamatsu. Unfortunately, number of trains aim for Mie pref. are limited. We have to expect about 2 hours as the travel time, and in worst case, we should spend more time. From Ise-wakamatsu station, same as above. All in all, we need 3 hours and half at most. We need to start very early if we plan to go a day trip.

May doll

May dall

 "Gogatsu-ningyo(五月人形)" or "May doll" is Japanese expression meaning a display for the May 5th festival. May dolls nowadays are not dolls but imitations of armor, helmet, and swords. As a matter of common sense, you should say "Kabuto-kazari(兜飾り)", display of helmets and armors. But Japanese usually don't say it "Kabuto-kazari" but "Gogatsu-ningyo," why? 

What is the May 5th festival? Japanese usually call this festival "Tango-no-sekku.(端午の節句)" This May 5th festival was the celebration of the first son of a samurai family in the old days. It happened to begin in the samurai families during the Muromachi(室町) era (approximately 600 years ago). For the samurai clan, having the male heir was crucial to their survival. So, the birth of the male heir is the happiest thing for the family. They celebrated the incident by decorating the most important goods, armors and helmets in front of their living space, the entrance.

At the later half of the Edo period (approximately 300 years ago), several ordinary people came to rich. They also hoped to celebrate the birth their heir, because for them, it was a very important event to have their heirs. They imitated samurai families, however they weren't samurai, so they didn't have armors and helmets. Instead of the guarding equipment, rich civilians made dolls of warriors. 

After the Meiji(明治) period (approximately 150 years ago), samurai left the historical stage, and the civilians controlled Japan. They made gorgeous dolls for their May 5th festival. The name "Gogatsu-ningyo" or "May doll" would take root then. Around this time, the displays for the May 5th festival were warrior-dolls, so it's quite appropriate to call the display "May doll."  

When the Showa(昭和) era began, the displays of the festival changed from the warriors dolls to the armors displays centered the beautiful helmets. After that, a main display was still a helmet but its surroundings were changed. Sometimes it was the many layered displays, and the other time it was very compact helmet, swords and banners display. They changed many time according to the demands of the times. These days, the displays are very compact because of the impact of nuclear families.

Tango-no-sekku.

"Tango-no-sekku" is believed to be the festival of the male boys festival, however, in the old time, it wasn't the male boys festival. This festival was happened from the old Chinese diary in the Heian period (approximately 1100 years ago). According to the old Chinese diary, May was not so good month, and they believed the unclean-things would happen this month. The item to exclude filth concerned the month, May was considered as the plant, iris. Iris's pronunciation is sounded like 'Shobu(しょうぶ)' in Japanese.

This festival changed the celebration of the first son's birth of a samurai family. Because 'Shobu(尚武)' was a very important idea for the samurai family. For them, 'Shobu' meant the idea to respect and regard military arts. On the other hand irises pronounced 'Shobu(菖蒲)', so, irises became the symbol of their idea. 

The words of Japanese have limited pronunciation. It has many same-pronunciation-and-different-meaning words. People in the old days felt the importance between 菖蒲 and 尚武.

Hexagonal shape architecture

Have you ever noticed the truth that Japanese historical buildings were rectangular shapes? There are so many of combinations of various rectangular shapes. But these are complex consisted with several rectangular buildings and hallways which connect them. So, Japanese complex buildings are all combinations of several rectangular buildings. It's same as the main castle towers, palaces, and farmer's houses.

Isn't there any non-rectangular building? The answer is 'exist', there are hexagonal shapes, octagonal shapes, and other a little bit non-rectangular shapes. Furthermore, if the grounds were not rectangular shapes, buildings were also made in accordance with the grounds. 

However, rectangular shape buildings gained overwhelming dominance until the end of the feudal period. The reason was that they were all wooden buildings. 

Then, why Japanese historical wooden-buildings were made in rectangular shape. Because structures of them was a combination of regularly placed wooden pillars and wooden beams. Conversely, pillars and beams were needed to be arranged regularly according to the structural mechanics valid at that time. If someone tried to make for example orbicular shape or hexagonal shape, he needed to make deformed pillars and beams, also needed to invent new structural method. 

On the other hand, at least, on the aspect of structural mechanics, European historical masonry-buildings would not have such rule. The main reason was their walls were usually made by stone not by wooden pillars and planks. European people didn't need to consider the combination of regularly placed wooden pillars and wooden beams. When they considered the combination, the meaning differed. For example, they wanted to build a religiously mystical interiors, or a majestic floor plans. 

However, several hexagonal shape historical buildings which were technically quite difficult were survived in Japan. These buildings were constructed in the feudal period. As we've mentioned, in this period, they didn't have the knowledge to make non-rectangular shape. How they found the knowledge? And, how they completed?  We will explain some buildings below. If we would say one thing, these buildings were peculiar when they were born.    

Jzo-do(地蔵堂)  

or a Buddhist building enshrined Jzo (one of Buddhist saints) :Shiga(滋賀) Pref. Konan(甲南) Town

 

This hexagonal shape architecture is standing at a corner of a small village. It is standing in the corner of a cross and there aren't any other surroundings. So it is quite eye-catching but doesn't have dignity in our impression. From a historic perspective, it doesn't seem an important property. 

However, there is no hexagonal shape building around, so, it attracts people's attention very much.

According to a record, it was built at 1788 (approximately 230 years ago). The roof is made of 'Kawara(瓦)' or Japanese traditional roof tile. And the building is dually covered by them. It makes the building looking dignified. The building is one-story and a 'Jizo-bosatsu(地蔵菩薩)' Buddhist image is enshrined inside it. However, we cannot look at the image, and only the festival time, we can worship it face to face. 

Choho-ji(頂法寺) temple main hall 

(known as Rokkaku-do(六角堂), Hexagonal shape main hall): Kyoto(京都) Pref. Kyoto City

This hexagonal shape main hall has been existing since a very long time ago. To be more precise, the establishment was later half of 10th century. The oldest record of its existence was written 11th century. It was destroyed very many times because it is located in a center area of Kyoto city and many conflicts at Kyoto city caused the collapses. As much as confirmed as records, the collapses happened 18 times.

The current structure was built at 1877 (approximately 140 years ago). So we doubt the shape is same as the first appeared building or not. The roof is covered with tiles. And in front of this main structure, rectangular shape hall of worship is connected. We cannot enter the inside of the main structure, so, we suppose that even though this building is big, it is also a one-story building. 

We can enter only the front hall of worship. The space is expanded into the main hall, so, one third of the projected area of the main hall's roof is used as a worship space. The area for the main Buddhist image is not pure hexagonal shape. 

It was the birthplace of a famous flower arrangement school, 'Ikenobo(池坊)'. There are fashionable buildings surrounding the main hall. From the upper floors, you can see the pure hexagonal shape roof of the main hall. The precincts are occupied by these buildings, so, there is little extra area in this temple.  

Sazae hall(さざえ堂) 

(or turban-shell-shape Buddhist hall) :Fukushima(福島) Pref. Aizu-wakamatsu(会津若松) City

This hexagonal shape architecture isn't famous as its hexagonal shape but as its unique architectural structure, a double helix. Do you know a double helix? It's amazing that certain Japanese historic building has a double helix structure. 

When it was made, it was an amusement facility for religious experience but a hall to enshrine Buddhist images. 

The helix slopes from the entrance go up and rotate gently. These were not spiral stairs but ramps. Along the slopes, 33 Buddhist images were enshrined. These 33 Buddhist images were called '33 Kan-non(観音) of the western country.' 'Kan-non' is the ultimate Buddha. And the real meaning of 'the western country' is the Buddhist heaven but usually considered 33 temples in a distant region. So people at that time visited this architecture and worshiped 33 Kan-non images. Through this visiting and without visiting many temples in a distant region, they could experience the religious experience. 

By the way, the helix slopes finished the highest point and people went down another helix slopes to the exit at the ground level. People visited this facility weren't disturbed by other worshippers at all. Kan-non images were removed, so, there are only slopes now.

It was built at 1796 (approximately 220 years ago). The roof is made of 'Kawara' or Japanese traditional roof tile. The tower is connected with the entrance expansion. From the outside, you can find how the tower is organized with 3 tiers' helix. The height is 16.5 meters, so, it's lower than usual three-storied pagodas of Japanese temples.

Helix building construction which was used in this tower is the only example among the historical buildings in Japan. We don't know much about the reality, but even if you look around the world, buildings using helix building construction are rear. For example, in a French castle, there is the famous helix staircase planed by Leonardo da Vinci.

According to the commentary in its website, the planner got the Leonardo da Vinci's blue print from an unknown route. However, it's only one of the hypotheses. And nobody knows the truth. Either way the way of Japanese traditional wooden structures was too different to the method in Europe. We respect the master carpenter of this architecture. 

Endless shrine corridor

The Kibitsu(吉備津) Shrine is in Okayama(岡山) city, Okayama Prefecture. It established very old time, around 720 (1300 years ago). It has a unique corridor. This corridor is in the backyard of the main building.

We will explain inside according to the order when we visited. 

The entrance stairs of this shrine are very steep. And, there is only small vacant space in front of the stairs. So, we have to climb the stairs as soon as entering this shrine. The stairs are covered by numberless paper lanterns. There is a front shrine building of worship and connected the main shrine building.

We cannot look at the whole building from the front side, because there is very small space in front of the building to worship. We can move to the left hand side of this building, and we appreciate the side. The appearance is very unusual. Its roof consists of 2 big 'Chidori (千鳥)(plover) gables.' This is our first time to see this kind of roof.   

Its basement is also unusual. It's covered by thick white-plaster, so it looks like turtle shells and named 'Kamebara(亀腹)' (turtle's body).  

According to a researcher's study, its floor level differs from each room. The center room where the deity is enshrined has the highest floor level. Surrounding several room has the next highest floor level. This tiered floor system is also quite unique, and there seems not to be another shrine equipped this floor system in Japan. However, as tourists, we can't appreciate this device from the outside of this building. The main shrine and the front shrine of worship are designated as national treasures. And, these were made in 1425 (around 600 years ago). 

Proceeding from the right side of the main shrine, we arrive at the corridor. It has about 400 meters long, slightly going down the slope, we can see its straight and endless roof which has a gentle and beautiful curve. Why this corridor was made? One assumption is for the people who worshiped several small shrines placed in the middle and at the end of this corridor. This building is designated as an important property of Okayama pref. and made around 1580 (around 440 years ago). 

We are going down this corridor, and find the building named 'Okama-den(御釜殿)'. This word, 'Okama(御釜)' means 'rice cooker'. To our surprise, Shinto priests wearing proper kimono are cooking rice. And also we are very surprised that this cooking rice action is a divine Shinto(神道) ritual. This Shinto ritual is relevant kind of fortune-telling. More specifically, long time ago, a general dispatched by the Imperial Court got rid of a demon came from a foreign country. And after that, the demon appeared in the general's dream and he claimed the fortune-telling by cooking rice.  

This story is quite mythological, however, the truth was different. We suppose the demon was not a deity but a prince from an ancient Korean kingdom, 'Kudara(百済) (Baekje in English)' was imprisoned here. And, it's a quite our personal opinion because there is no record as long as we investigated. The truth was that the prince rebelled against the Imperial Court and the general dispatched here and killed the prince. Wishing for peace of the prince's soul, this shrine was established. However, if this story had been talked, people would be afraid disasters caused by a grudge of the prince. So, again we suppose, somebody changed the story of the establishment and the true story was hidden. 

The reason the Okama-den was built, it's also our opinion, some disasters happened and people doubted a grudge of the prince. So, the Shinto priests began the new Shinto ritual. This event is called 'Narukama-Shinji(鳴釜神事)'. The building was reconstructed in 1606 and designated as an important property. 

Manyo forest 

There are at least 6 Manyo forests in Japan now. "Manyo" literally means a lot of plants. Then, if there are many plants in these parks, it's not wrong about the naming. However, why do so many Manyo forests exist?

Before reading further, please learn another word, "Manyo-syu." If you are familiar with history of Japanese literature, you may know about Manyo-su. The knowledge you learned in Japanese history class would be helpful just now. Question is "what was Manyo-syu?"

Manyo-syu was the collection of poems which was historically first appeared in Japan. So, the name Manyo-syu is quite popular among Japanese especially students. The poems are very short and they are called "Waka." Waka poems were invented during 780, then approximately 1250 years ago. 

Next question is "How do these two words connect each other?" The first word, "Manyo forest" and the second word, Manyo-syu. In Manyo-syu, there are about 4,500 poems collected. In each poem, poet described his or her impression, especially feeling about romance. He or she was also very sensitive, so didn't use linear logic but beautiful nature. By describing beautiful place, plants and flowers, he expressed something else. For example, he described in the poem that "my love for you would fall like cherry blossoms." Using "cherry blossoms," in reality, he expressed a feeling of love like a house of cards.

In this collection, so to speak, 4,500 examples of plants and flowers were collected. If you ignore the theme and concentrate plants and flowers, there are a variety of them described like a botanical show of the Heian period. Somebody named them the Manyo plants collectively. So, there exist many Manyo plants in Japan still now. 

Many beautiful scenery was also written in this collection. For example, " this beautiful scenery makes me remember the days when you and I visited romantically." As for the planners of the parks, these poems don't have so much worth. Because these famous places are near the old capital town, Nara where these ancient poems were written. If "Manyo forest park" isn't near Nara city, it would be difficult to feature the scenery written in the poems. 

However, Manyo plants are very useful. Because if you plant several Manyo plants, there is no problem for calling it the Manyo forest. We don't get the evidence whether they thought so or not. We're confident that such kind of decision was under the naming of these parks. They simply named the park "Mayo forest" to raise up numbers of the visitors.

Then, let's research these 6 "Manyo forest" parks. And find the factors why they chose the name. Furthermore, connections with Manyo-su poems. 

The difference of 6 Manyo forests

The first one exists in the northern part of the Japanese archipelago, in Miyagi Pref.. Its total area is 23 hectares and as far as the site area, it overwhelms others. This park was opened in 1989.

As for the relationship with Manyo-syu, it seems that there are 48 monuments engraved with Manyo-syu poems along the promenade in the park. We suppose the monuments are placed to explain the relationship between planted flowers and poems. Most of the Manyo plants are planted there. It is supposed that the number of Manyo plants are just over 160.  

The second one exists in Shizuoka Pref.. This park's total area is about 2.3 ha, only one tenth of the previous one. This park was opened in 1992.

As for the relationship, there are 4 Manyo-syu poems related to Shizuoka Pref.. Apparently, there are 4 and more monuments with the poems. The park is a large landscape garden. We don't know the relationship between the garden and Manyo-syu. There is a museum in which exhibits related to the life and culture of people around 1250 years ago. 

Mt. Kaguyama

Number three is in Nara Pref.. This park is part of Mt. Kaguyama. And it was one of the frequent topics in Manyo-syu. In a way, it is one of the right places to be called Manyo forest. There's no information about the total area, and it was opened in 1981. It seems that 73 Manyo plants are put in this park. For this sightseeing place, Mt. Kaguyama is the main, so, we think this park is being treated roughly. 

Number four is in Osaka Pref.. This park seems to be part of Mt. Nijosan. And it is a famous sightseeing place from old time. We don't find further information about this Manyo forest. The only evidence of the existence of it is the parking lot at the mouth of "Mt. Nijosan hiking course." It is called "Manyo-forest parking lot."

Number five is in Hyogo Pref.. The place where the park is placed was a famous scenic place called "Inamino" 1250 years ago. This park is part of the complex consisted of parks, museums and sports-facilities. The Manyo forest is one tenth of the width of this facility. And it is a Japanese-style garden completely disrelated with Manyo-syu. The only one relationship is the theme. The reason they called this park "Manyo forest" is that there are a monument engraved with a Manyo-syu poem and many Manyo plants.  

Number six is in Yamaguchi Pref.. This Manyo forest is part of the complex consisted of multiple sports-facility and greenery space. Its total area is approximately 80 ha. Manyo forest is very small part of the greenery. And there are around 60 Manyo plants and several monuments of Manyo-syu poems. It was also named after the theme of the park which was a little related to Manyo-syu. 

To conclude; every park doesn't seem to have a direct relationship. Manyo-syu was written around 1250 years ago. There is little building or relic now. Because 1250 years are quite long span. For the garden planners, incomplete-length historical time is stubborn when they try to organize kind of facilities. On the contrary, for them, the era of Manyo-syu made is quite challenging. Because there might be several historic relics of the incomplete-length period somewhere. Then people would visit there instead of their efforts. 

Who are them? 

(renewed on January 05／2023)

Now, No.01 - No.44 are there. 

We have been uploading 80 and more articles. And we decide to summarize brief descriptions of people and groups who we described in each article. Japanese people have overloaded information about historical people and groups in their mind. Because, we can think of right now, they are fond of NHK historical drama 'Taiga drama'. And so much information relevant to life lessons is mentioned in connection to historical people's attitude in the media. They probably understand who is a certain historical character such as achievements, personality, and the time he lived.

We recently noticed that we had described only historical people's and group's name without explanation of their background. So, in this article, we will describe additional information about characters who appeared in our previous articles. Maybe many readers will think this attempt isn't necessary, because they already know such kind of Japanese historical information. And we have one more concern that it needs long time to complete. However, we decide to try.

❓ Descriptions are listed according to their appearance.

(P) means the person, and (G) means the group.
Names are written both English characters and Japanese characters.
(01)(02)... mean articles in which these characters appeared.
Additional descriptions are 1. their dates, 2. overview.

No.01 (G) The Tokugawa family ／ 徳川家 (01)(02)(12)(15)(21)

(1) 1566 - to date

(2) One of Japanese history's most famous families. This family was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu (he changed his family name) and exists still now. The Edo shogunate which was also established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and survined 250 and more years until the generation of 15th Shogun (Tokugawa Yoshinobu). (1603 - 1867) Before the Tokugawa family's ruling all over Japan, it was governed by the Toyotomi family. 

No.02 (G) The Toyotomi family ／ 豊臣家 (01)(02)(03)(13)(21)

(1) 1586 - 1615

(2) One of Japanese history's most famous families. The family name 'Toyotomi' was a special name which Toyotomi Hideyoshi was granted from an emperor. (1586) The Toyotomi family was beaten by the Tokugawa family and was destroyed in the Siege of Osaka. (1615) Toyotomi Hideyoshi became the ruler of Japan after the death of Oda Nobunaga (he was killed by one of his retainers). (1582) After this incident, Toyotomi Hideyoshi battled with several powerful Sengoku Daimyos and won the battles. (around 1584) 

No.03 (P) Sen-hime ／ 千姫 (01)

(1) 1597 - 1666

(2) Eldest daughter of the second shogun, Tokugawa Hidetada. Famous point in Japanese history is her marrige with Toyotomi Hideyori who was the son of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. (1603) When Hideyori marriaged with Sen-hime, the Toyotomi family ruled Japan, so she became the wife of the ruler. 12 years after the marriage, the Tokugawa family and the Toyotomi family fought each other, and the Toyotomi family was destroyed. The incident called 'The Osaka-no-jin' war. (1615) She was rescued from the battle field and remarried with one of Tokugawa's vassals. Her remarried partner was the lord of the HImeji castle. Nishino-maru 'Kesho' tower in the Himeji castle was made when their marriage held, so, she was linked with the Himeji castle by fate. 

No.04 (G) Ii clan (family) ／ 井伊家 (02)

(1) around 1275 - to date

(2) One of the powerful clans (families) incorporated into the Tokugawa clan. This clan was incorporated into Tokugawa in 1575, after that, it distinguished itself in many battle fields. It also ordered to build the Hikone castle and completed it. In the Edo shogunate, this family was registered as one of leading vassals and was appointed an important position. Whereas other vassals were ordered to relocate their dominant territories, the Ii clan had been a dominator of the Hikone district.

No.05 (P) Oda Nobunaga ／ 織田信長 (03)(11)(12)(15)(17)(18)(27)(28)

(1) 1534 - 1582

(2) He was a rural lord on the part of Aichi prefecture, and later, extended his influence widely. In his peak period, he governed Kyoto and throughout the Kinki region which was considered as the center of Japan. So, he was regarded as the first ruler of whole Japan at the end of the Sengoku period. He thought out a tactic of using mass muskets, so, it is said that he was an innovator and a person who destroyed long standing abuses.

No.06 (P) Ashikaga Yoshiaki ／ 足利義昭 (03)(11)

(1) 1537 - 1597

(2) The 15th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate (1336 -1573) and the last shogun of it. The period when the Muromachi shogunate governed is called the Muromachi period, and as of the latter half, the Sengoku period is used generally. He became the 15th shogun by the help of the military power of Oda Nobunaga, but later, they dispute each other. As the result of the conflict, he was expelled from Kyoto, and the Muromachi shogunate was destroyed. After the downfall of the shogunate, however, he survived and became the retainer of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the next ruler.  

No.07 (P) Takeda Katsuyori ／ 武田勝頼 (03)

(1)1546 - 1582

(2)Takeda Katsuyori was the inheritor of Takeda Shingen, one of the great commanders in the Sengoku period. He inherited his father's vast territories which lay on Yamanashi Pref., Nagano Pref. and Shizuoka Pref. After that, he lost the battle of Nagashino (1575) and later, was destroyed by Oda Nobunaga. Because of this historical result, he tends to be drawn as an incompetent commander compared with his father. 

No.08 (P) Takeda Shingen ／ 武田信玄 (03)

(1)1521 - 1573

(2)One of the most powerful Sengoku Daimyo. At his heyday, he governed vast territories which lay on Yamanashi Pref., Nagano Pref. and Shizuoka Pref.

No.09 (P) Toyotomi Hideyoshi ／ 豊臣秀吉 

(Hashiba Hideyoshi ／ 羽柴秀吉) (03)(11)(12)(15)(18)

(1) 1537 - 1598

(2) At first, Toyotomi Hideyoshi was a retainer of Oda Nobunaga. After the death of Oda Nobunaga, he struggled many other powerful Daimyo and beated down them. He widened his territories all around Japan and became the ruler of Japan. He attacked Korea in his later years. When he died, Tokugawa Ieyasu challenged the Toyotomi family and became the next ruler. The Toyotomi family was destroyed at the date of Hideyosi's son. 

No.10 (P) Ii Naosuke ／ 井伊直弼 (04)

(1) 1815 - 1860

(2) He was one of Daimyo who played active roles in the administrative organization of the Edo shogunate at the latter half of the Edo period. He became the responsible person of a conclusion of a treaty between Japan and US. He bulled through the conclusion and cracked down on the opponents. This oppression triggered his death by an assassin.

No.11 (P) Tokugawa Ieyasu ／ 徳川家康 (05)(06)(11)(12)(18)(19)(24)

(1) 1543 - 1616

(2) Tokugawa Ieyasu destroyed the Toyotomi family and became the next ruler. He founded the Edo shogunate. Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu are called the 3 heroes and they were the greatest men during the Sengoku period.

No.12 (P) Honda Tadakatsu ／ 本多忠勝 (05)

(1) 1548 - 1610

(2) One of the brave vassals of Tokugawa Ieyasu. He obeyed Tokugawa Ieyasu from an early stage and played many active roles in the Tokugawa army. There are many legendary episodes, so, people tend to treat him as a god of military arts. Sen-hime's remarried partner was a grandson of him. 

No.13 (P) Emperor Godaigo ／ 後醍醐天皇 (09)(10)

(1) 1288 - 1339

(2) Emperor Godaigo conflicted with the Kamakura shogunate and was exiled. (1332) And the next year, he and his allies overthrew the shogunate and established a new administration. (1333) One of his powerful allies, Ashikaga Takauji rebelled and established the Muromachi shogunate. (1338) He escaped from Kyoto and established an exiled regime, but he died the following year. (1339) The exiled regime continued several years and faded away. (1392) 

No.14 (P) Ashikaga Takauji ／ 足利尊氏 (09)

(1) 1305 - 1358

(2) Ashikaga Takauji was one of important vassals in the Kamakura shogunate, he was dispatched to Kyoto for repressing of Emperor Godaigo's rebellion. He switched to the opposite side, and that incident caused the collapse of the Kamakura shogunate. (1333) He joined the new administration as an important figure, however, he soon conflicted with Emperor Godaigo, and made the Muromachi shogunate.(1338) Death of the opponent made their power was decreased, conversely, his shogunate continued to rule of Japan. A civil war because of the conflict of powerful people in the same group continued in his lifetime.

No.15 (P) Musou Soseki ／ 夢窓疎石 (09)

(1) 1275 - 1351

(2) A high priest of Zen Buddhism, acquainted with both Emperor Godaigo and Ashikaga Takauji. Poriticians took his suggestion into consideration, because they devoted themselves to Zen Buddhism deeply. The establishment of the Tenryu-ji temple was decided by his suggestion. He was also a famous garden planner at that time, and he planned many famous gardens such as the Tenryu-ji temple's garden. 

No.16 (P) Hanazono Joko ／ 花園上皇 (10)(15)

(1) 1297 - 1348

(2) He was the former Emperor of Godaigo. 'Joko' or the Emperor Emeritus is who abdicate the Emperor. He was called Hanazono Joko after his abdication and until his becoming-a-priest. (1318 - 1335) During the Emperor Godaigo's time, he didn't relate to politics because Emperor Godaigo decided by himself. When he became a priest, he renovated his residence into a temple, and that was the Myoshin-ji temple.  

No.17 (P) Ashikaga Yoshimitsu ／ 足利義満 (10)

(1) 1358 - 1408

(2) Ashikaga Yoshimitsu was the third shogun of the Muromachi shogunate. In his ruling time, the administration had been getting strong. And in the latter half, the Muromachi period was flourished best. After he abdicated the Shogun's position to his son, he built a palace in Kitayama district and constructed the Kinkaku-ji temple there.  

No.18 (G) Kouga Mochizuki family ／ (甲賀）望月家 (11)

(1) ?

(2) The Mchizuki family who lived in Kouga region is written as the Kouga Mochizuki family to distinguish from other Mochizuki families. It is said that the Kouga-ryu Ninjutsu-yashiki (甲賀流忍術屋敷) was the residence of the Kouga Mochizuki family. (the basis is doubtful)  According to one theory, this residence was owned by the Mochizuki family who was a mountain priest but the descendant of the Mochizuki clan who had played an active role at a battle against the Muromachi shogun.

No.19 (G) Rokkaku clan (family) ／ 六角家 (11)

(1) ? - 1574 ?

(2) The Rokkaku clan was the Shugo or the regional president of Omi district during the Muromachi period. (1336 - 1573) This family was attacked by Oda Nobunaga's army and was defeated. And also they lost their castles. (1568) They tried to make a comeback but failed. At the very end of the Sengoku period, they lost the status as Daimyo. Around the beginning of the Edo period (1603 - 1868), their descendants became retainers of other Daimyo.   

No.20 (P) Wada (Koremasa) ／ 和田（惟政） (11)

(1) ? - 1571

(2) He was one of the rural lords of Kouga district. He helped Ashikaga Yoshiaki and became one of his vassals. When Ashikaga Yoshiaki became a shogun with Oda Nobunaga's military power as background, he also became an important vassal of Oda Nobunaga. He was killed at the battle occurred at Ibaragi city, Osaka Pref.. (1571)  

No.21 (P) Todo Takatora ／ 藤堂高虎 (12)

(1) 1556 - 1630

(2) Todo Takatora was a Daimyo who was good at fortification and planned many castles. He also participated in many battles and distinguished himself many times. During the Toyotomi Hideyoshi ruling era, he became the lord of the Uwajima castle. (1596) And after the death of the ruler, he reconstructed the Iga-ueno castle belonging to Tokugawa Ieyasu side. When Tokugawa era came, he became the lord of the Iga-ueno castle and the Tsu castle. (1608) During the Edo period, his family and descendants were given important positions by the authority. 

No.22 (G) Asyura ／ 阿修羅 (12)

(1) 1987 - to date

(2) They are the performance group who perform a Ninja show at the Iga-ryu Ninja Museum.

No.23 (G) Todo clan (family) ／ 藤堂家 (12)

(1) ? - to date

(2) The Todo clan was a local clan of Omi region. And they were no longer samurai before Todo Takatora seizing the opportunity. They received important positions throughout the Edo period. When the Meiji period came, they also received high status as an ex-Daimyo.   

No.24 (G) Sawamura family ／ 澤村家 (12)

(1) ?

(2) The Sawamura family was a local clan of Iga region. And they served the Todo clan as a Ninja. There was a story one of this family snuck into an American battle ship at the end of the Edo period. This family still lives in the Sawamura family mansion.

No.25 (G) takesima family ／ 竹島家 (12)

(1) ?

(2) The Takeshima family seems to have been a local clan of Iga region. (no detailed information) It is said that they participated in the battle against Oda Nobunaga in the Sengoku period. They don't live in the Takeshima family mansion now.

No.26 (P) certain Kawai ／ 河合　某　（河合又五郎） (13)

(1) 1615 - 1634

(2) He was a retainer of the Okayama-han lord (Ikeda clan). He killed a co-worker who was a favorite of the lord. (1630) As a result, he was labeled as the target of the revenge killing. He escaped from his home town, and he moved to Edo and later Nara. Then, he intended moving again from Nara to Edo. On the way to Edo he and his supporters were attacked and killed at the Kagiya-no-tsuji, Iga city.  

No.27 (P) certain Watanabe ／ 渡辺　某　（渡辺源太夫） (13)

(1) ? - 1630

(2) He was a retainer of the Okayama-han lord (Ikeda clan). The beginning of the duel at Kagiya-no-tsuji was his death.

No.28 (P) elder brother of Watanabe ／ 渡辺の兄　（渡辺数馬） (13)

(1) ?

(2) He was a retainer of the Okayama-han lord (Ikeda clan). His elderly sister's husband helped this Adauchi. He completed the task, so, after the incident, he belonged the Ikeda clan again.   

No.29 (P) Matsuo Basho ／ 松尾芭蕉 (13)

(1) 1644 - 1694

(2) He was a famous poet in the Edo period. His expertise was Haikai (one of Japanese poems). Later, his poems became to be called Haiku (also one of Japanese poem). He is a leading figure of Haiku poem.  

No.30 (P) Masaoka Shiki ／ 正岡子規 (13)

(1) 1867 - 1902

(2) He was a famous poet good at Haiku and Waka. He was a journalist at first and became a poet later. 

No.31 (G) Hakakeyama clan (family) ／ 畠山家 (15)

(1) 1200? - 1566

(2) The Hatakeyama clan was the Shugo or the regional president of Noto district during the Muromachi period. (1336 - 1573) During the Sengoku period, the Muromachi shogunate began to decline, and also this family followed it. They lost momentum and their retainers took place. There were several Hatakeyama families governed several districts. The Hatakeyama family in Noto district was taken over by a vassal in the latter part of the Sengoku period. (1566) 

No.32 (G) Otomo clan (family) ／ 大友家 (15)

(1) 1172? - 1600?

(2) In the old days of the Kamakura period (1185 - 1333), the Otomo family expanded their controlled areas in the Kyushu region. Their headquarters was around Oita prefecture nowadays. Their territory changed rapidly, sometimes expanded enormously sometimes shrunk. This family was a Shugo during the Muromachi period (1336 - 1573), and was a Daimyo during the Sengoku period. In the latter part of the Sengoku period, it was beaten by neighboring Daimyos several time and hanged on Toyotomi Hideyoshi's sleeves. After twists and turns, the Otomo clan as a Daimyo perished before the beginning of the Edo period. 

No.33 (G) Maeda clan (family) ／ 前田家 (15)(22)(23)

(1) 1539 - to date

(2) The Maeda family was a small local clan, became a vassal of Oda Nobunaga, got promoted, became a Daimyo in Noto district. After the death of Oda Nobunaga, it became a vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, expanded their dominate territory. And then it became a vassal of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Through the Edo period, it became the Daimyo governed the largest territory. When the Meiji period came, it gained aristocratic status, became a noble and super-rich family. During WW2, the head of this family was the commander at the Boruneo Island, and killed there.  

No.34 (P) Shuho Myocho ／ 宗峰妙超 (15)

(1) 1283 - 1338

(2) The chief priest when the Daitoku-ji temple established. Emperor Hanazono became a believer of Shuho Myocho.

No.35 (G) Oda clan (family) ／ 織田家 (16) 

(1)1402 ? - 1605

(2)The Oda clan was the Owari Shugo-dai or the deputy of regional president of Owari district. (1402～) Speaking of their status before 1402, there aren't exact records, however, they were a vassal of the Hashiba clan who was the Shugo of Owari district. Oda Nobunaga (1534 - 1582) expanded the Oda clan's sphere of influence, however, he was killed by one of his followers. After that incident, Toyotomi Hideyoshi became the successor of the position and governed whole Japan several years. The Oda clan tumbled out of the position of the ruler, and was survived as a Daimyo. However, at the beginning of the Edo period, they became extinct. (1605)

No.36 (P) Toyotomi Hidetsugu ／ 豊臣秀次 (16)

(1)1568 - 1595

(2)He was a son of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's elder sister, so, he was a nephew of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. During his younger days, he spent hard time as a hostage of Toyotomi Hideyoshi several times. Side-by-side with his uncle's promotion, he also promoted. He became the Daimyo of Omi (430,000 koku) in 1585, and the Daimyo of Owari-Ise (1,000,000 koku) in 1590. ("koku" is the unit of weight of rice. 1 koku = 150 kilograms) He was regarded as the successor of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, however, he was ordered to suicide by hara-kiri and died. (1595) When he became the lord of the Inuyama castle, he also became the lord of the Kiyosu castle, so, his father (his deputy) became the virtual lord of the Inuyama castle.   

No.37 (P) Ishikawa Sadakiyo ／ 石川貞清 (16)

(1) ? - 1626

(2) Ishikawa Sadakiyo became the load of the Inuyama castle after Toyotomi Hidetsugu was removed fromthe position. (1595) He renovated the castle in 1599. At the time of Sekigahara war (1600), his group was defeated. He quitted samurai and became a merchant. And lived in Tyoto the latter half of his life.

No.38 (P) Akechi Mitsuhide ／　明智光秀 (17)

(1) 1528? - 1582

(2) Akechi Mitsuhide was one of Oda Nobunaga's main followers. He killed Oda Nobunaga and became Nobunaga's next ruler. (1582) But soon after the incident, his army battled against Toyotomi Hideyoshi's army and was defeated. And, after the battle, he was killed by somebody we don't know who they were. (1582) He captured the Fukuchiyama castle in 1578 and renovated it the next year. The Fukuchiyama castle was the center of the rural government for a long time.

No.39 (G) Mouri clan (family) ／ 毛利家 (18)

(1) 1340? - to date

(2) The Mouri clan immigrated to Hiroshima Pref. around 1340. Famous Mouri Motonari was very active and he spread his territory to whole Sanyo region and Sanin region. Then the Mouri clan became a big Daimyo. And also they became to control pirates in the Seto Inland Sea, and made the Mouri navy. Speaking of the navy in the Sengoku period, the Mouri navy comes out first. Afterwards they still survived as the Daimyo while reducing its controlled area. And they became noblemen in Meiji period, and still continue. 

No.40 (P) Imagawa Yoshimoto ／ 今川義元 (19)

(1) 1519 - 1560

(2) Imagawa Yoshimoto was born as a son of the head of the Imagawa clan. Because of the death of his elder brothers, he became the successor of the clan. He fought against the Takeda clan (Northern boundary) and the Hojyo clan (Eastern boundary), and he expanded his territory. He also made the Matsudaira clan into his retainers. And he attacked the Oda clan who was the lord west of the Matsudaira clan, but was defeated and killed. (1560) 

No.41 (P) Kanamori Nagachika ／ 金森長近 (27)

(1) 1524 - 1608

(2) Kanamori Nagachika was a retainer of Oda Nobunaga. He gained force as a warrior in Nobunaga's court. When Nobunaga's invasion into Echizen area was carried out, he suppressed opposition activists in Ono region. Then he was ordered to be the ruler of Ono. (1575) After that, he became a retainer of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and suppressed Hida region. (1585) Furthermore, he finally became a retainer of Tokugawa Ieyasu and built the Takayama castle. His descendants controlled Hida region for 6th generations.  

No.42 (G) Asakura clan (family) ／ 朝倉家 (28)

(1) 1340? - 1573

(2) At the same time of the acquisition of the Echizen district of the Shiba clan, the Asakura family moved in this region. Because they were a main follower of the Shiba clan. After that, they gained force as the top retainer of the Shiba clan, and finally took the place of their lord's position. During the Sengoku era, they were one of famous Sengoku-daimyo, however, Oda Nobunaga destroyed them. (1573)  

No.43 (P) Asakura Yoshikage ／ 朝倉義景 (28)

(1) 1533 - 1573

(2) Asakura Yoshikage welcomed the 15th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate. (1565) However, the Shogun leaved his place and visited Oda Nobunaga's castle. After that, Oda Nobunaga invaded his dominated region. Then Oda Nobunaga destroyed his castle and killed him. Ichijodani medieval town burned down at the same time. (1573)    

No.44 (G) Shiba clan (family) ／ 斯波家 (28)

(1) 1336? - ?

(2) The Shiba clan was an important retainer of the Ashikaga shogunate. They were in a main position of the government very long time during the Muromachi period. They established several branch families in several countries in Japan. When the Sengoku period came, all families lost their position as the rulers of the countries. Their descents became complicated, so, we don't mention how long did they last.  

People and groups noted above appeared in the Articles below:

(01) Himeji castle  (02) Hikone castle  (03) Arquebus 1  (04) Sight words: Hikone castle  (05) Arquebus 2

(06) Sight words: Okazaki city  (07) Arquebus 3  (08) Matsumoto castle  (09) Temple of Shogunate 1  (10) Temple of Shogunate 2

(11) Ninja Mansion 1  (12) Ninja Mansion 2  (13) Sight words: Iga city  (14) Sight words: Cuisine  (15) Temple of Shogunate 3

(16) Inuyama castle  (17) Fukuchiyama castle  (18) Sengoku battle ship  (19) Sumpu castle  (20) Kakegawa castle

(21) Nagoya castle  (22) Ninja Mansion 3  (23) Kanazawa castle  (24) Inuyama festival  (25) Armed priest

(26) Swordsmith of Katana  (27) Echizen-ono castle  (28) Ichijodani medieval town